The Silkworm Pdf

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The silkworm first makes a support then spins the cocoon. After cocooning you can remove them and spin some silk, or you can wait until they hatch( they will hatch in about a month). Silkworm moths only live for a few days and must mate as soon as they emerge from their cocoons. The female silkworm moth has tiny wings and a large abdomen.

The Silkworm is a 2014 crime fiction novel by J. K. Rowling, published under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith.^[1] It is the second novel in the Cormoran Strike series of detective novels and was followed by Career of Evil in 2015 and Lethal White in 2018.^[2]

• 2Characters
• 4In other media

Plot summary[edit]

Several months after solving the Lula Landry case, Cormoran Strike is tasked by Leonora Quine with locating her novelist husband Owen. Owen, a former literary genius whose attempts to recreate his past success have failed, disappeared around the same time his latest book, Bombyx Mori, was leaked. The book has been deemed unpublishable due to its mixture of sexual assault, torture, and cannibalism as well as its slanderous depiction of the people in Quine's life.

• Silkworm Rearing: The following information is all about Silkworm Rearing. Introduction To Silkworm Rearing. What is silkworm rearing? Well, it is part of sericulture in which worms are raised for the production of raw silk. When it comes to the definition of the silkworm, it is the larva or caterpillar of the “Bombyx mori” moth.
• The Silkworm is a very well-written, wonderfully entertaining take on the traditional British crime novelRobert Galbraith may proudly join the ranks of English, Scottish and Irish crime writers such as Tana French, Ian Rankin, Val McDermid, John Connolly, Kate Atkinson and Peter Robinson.”—.
• Bugs, you should have to raise quite a few. The basic silkworm needs are 78-82 0 F and a lot of food. You can place the silkworm containers next to the reptile tank for heat since reptiles often need lamps. Silkworms tolerate room temperature, but their growth is slowed. If there is a mulberry leaf shortage you can buy some powdered silkworm food(add water).
• The Silkworm (A Cormoran Strike Novel series) by Robert Galbraith. Read online, or download in secure ePub format Private investigator Cormoran Strike returns in a new mystery from Robert Galbraith, author of the #1 international bestseller The Cuckoo's Calling.
• 'The master is back. Rowling returns to the strengths that made Harry Potter great-the beautiful sense of pacing, the deep but illusionless love for her characters-without sacrificing the expanded range of The Casual Vacancy.' -USA Today (3.5/4 stars).

In addition to Leonora, Strike sets out interviewing the other people portrayed in the manuscript: Quine's lover Kathryn Kent, protégée Pippa Midgley, agent Elizabeth Tassel, editor Jerry Waldegrave, publisher Daniel Chard and former friend Michael Fancourt. The suspects, however, soon turn on one another, accusing and counter-accusing each other of killing Quine and ghostwriting Bombyx Mori.

As the investigation commences, Strike's relationship with Robin Ellacott gradually deteriorates, as she feels neglected by him and he feels unwilling to put her in a position where she is forced to choose between her job and her fiancé Matthew. The animosity is tempered when Strike finds Quine's body, which has been mutilated, doused in acid and posed to resemble the ending of Bombyx Mori. Metropolitan Police later arrest Leonora for the murder, prompting Strike to set out clearing her name.

Robin, meanwhile, strains her relationship with Matthew after she almost misses his mother's funeral to help Strike and gets caught telling a lie. She later confronts Strike about his intentions only to be warned that she will be asked to do things Matthew will not like if she becomes an investigator.

With the case against Leonora piling up, Strike focuses on Fancourt, whose character in the manuscript is inconsistent with his relationship to Quine. Several years earlier, after Fancourt's wife wrote a novel that was panned by critics, an anonymous parody's release prompted her to kill herself. Fancourt accused Quine of authoring the parody and Tassel of enabling him.

Strike soon deduces Bombyx Mori is a metaphor for someone else's life and Quine was intended to be the antagonist rather than the hero. Realizing the manuscript was penned by a ghostwriter, he creates a plan to confront the killer. He later approaches Fancourt at a party and asks to speak to him in private. When Tassel, who is also in attendance, joins them, Strike accuses Tassel of being Quine's killer and the ghostwriter.

Tassel, a failed author herself, wrote the parody of Elspeth Fancourt's novel, which Quine used to blackmail her for twenty years. When he approached her with the original concept for Bombyx Mori, Tassel concocted an elaborate plan. She conspired with Quine to stage his disappearance, rewrote Bombyx Mori, killed Quine and framed Leonora. Tassel attempts to flee, only to be caught and arrested, which Strike and Robin planned in advance.

Sometime later, Leonora is released from prison, Fancourt acknowledges the original Bombyx Mori manuscript's literary value, and Strike tells Robin that he enrolled her in investigative training courses as a Christmas gift.

Characters[edit]

Main characters[edit]

• Cormoran Strike – A veteran of the Afghanistan war who was discharged after losing half of his leg in a bomb attack and wanted to leave fearing insanity. He is a minor celebrity, thanks in part to his notorious rock star father and his solving of a high-profile murder.
• Robin Ellacott – Strike's assistant and secretary who harbors a secret fascination with the world of criminal investigations. Now taking on a full-time role within Strike's agency, she aspires to become an investigator in her own right.

Bombyx Mori characters[edit]

• Owen Quine – an author once hailed as an avant-garde writer and one of the first 'literary rebels'. He has spent decades trying to recreate the success of his first novel, Hobart's Sin, to no avail. He is regarded as narcissistic and insecure in the extreme, and only tolerated because of the shadow of untapped potential in his works.
  • Quine appears in the Bombyx Mori as Bombyx, an aspiring author whose genius is undisputed, unappreciated and unsubstantiated, prompting him to seek out his idols, but discovers that they only seek to use him and abuse him before eating him alive.
• Leonora Quine – Quine's wife, who becomes the prime suspect in his murder. She spends almost all of her time caring for their intellectually-disabled daughter, Orlando.
  • Leonora appears as Succuba, a demon in the body of a hideous woman who holds Bombyx in bondage and repeatedly rapes him.
• Kathryn Kent – Quine's girlfriend and an author of 'fantasy erotica' that has mostly been rejected by the London publishing community.
  • Kathryn appears as Harpy, a beautiful woman with a hideous deformity, implied to be a crude and cruel metaphor for breast cancer.
• Pippa Midgley – a transgender woman undergoing therapy ahead of gender reassignment surgery. She becomes enamoured with Quine after taking a creative writing course he taught; Quine, in turn, was inspired by her personal story as it dovetailed with his original novel.
  • Pippa appears as Epicoene, a slave to Harpy, who seeks to escape her clutches with Bombyx. Bombyx responds positively until she 'sings', or reveals her transgender status to him, which he finds horrifying.
• Elizabeth Tassel – a failed writer who became a literary agent. She lives and works on the fringe of the London literary community, which she deeply resents, and expresses by bullying her staff.
  • Tassel appears as The Tick, a parasitic woman who cultivates Bombyx's talent to leech off him.
• Jerry Waldegrave – Quine's long-suffering editor, who is one of the few people willing to tolerate him. His reputation is ruined by Quine's behaviour, leading to the breakdown of his marriage and his turn to alcoholism.
  • Jerry appears as The Cutter, a horned, troll-like creature that ruthlessly destroys Bombyx's work. He carries a bloodied sack implied to carry an aborted foetus, and attempts to drown other creatures.
• Michael Fancourt – one of the original literary rebels, who went on to become a bestselling author. He maintains literature is an art form, and that art can only be considered as such when it provokes social discussion; however, this is little more than an excuse for his deeply misogynistic opinions.
  • Michael appears as Vainglorious, a famous author and Bombyx's idol. He is revealed to be a charlatan, torturing his wife Effigy to fuel his own creativity and passing her torment off as art.
• Daniel Chard – the president of Roper Chard, a London publishing house specialising in modern literature. He lacks social skills and is implied to be a latent homosexual.
  • Daniel appears as Phallus Impudicus, a man who murders writers to steal their talent, violating their corpses with his diseased penis.

Other characters[edit]

• Matthew Cunliffe – Robin's fiancé, who disapproves of her work with Strike. Despite considerable tension as a result of her working for Strike, Robin eventually tells him about her lifelong dream of being a detective and Matthew accepts to let her do it although he doesn't much like it.
• Richard Anstis – a detective with the Metropolitan Police who was involved in the incident that cost Strike his leg. Strike considers him a capable investigator, but lacking in imagination.
• Orlando Quine – Quine's intellectually-disabled daughter. She is the only person in Quine's life who does not appear in the Bombyx Mori manuscript, and it is implied that she is the only person he genuinely cares about.
• Lucy – Strike's half-sister on his mother's side, and the only member of his family that he has any regular contact with. Despite being his younger sister, she tends to mother him, encouraging him to settle down and start a family, much to Strike's consternation.
• Alexander 'Al' Rokeby – Strike's half-brother on his father's side, and the only member of his father's side of the family with whom he has any contact.
• Nina Lascelles – a junior editor at Roper Chard who helps Strike acquire the Bombyx Mori manuscript. She becomes enamoured with him and pursues a romantic relationship with him, which is not reciprocated.
• Joe North – an American writer and friend of Quine and Fancourt. He died of AIDS while writing about his experiences living with the disease. After lying abandoned for twenty years, the house where North died became the scene of Quine's murder.
• Christian Fisher – the editor of a niche publishing house who leaks the Bombyx Mori manuscript.
• Dominic Culpepper – an opportunistic tabloid journalist who hires Strike to find evidence of wrongdoing among the rich and powerful. He expresses surprise that Strike does not resort to phone-hacking to acquire evidence.
• Charlotte Ross – Strike's on-again, off-again former flame. Following the breakdown of their relationship, she has become engaged to another man, but continues to taunt Strike from afar.

Reception[edit]

Much like The Cuckoo's Calling, The Silkworm was met with critical acclaim, selling more copies than its predecessor in its opening weeks.

Val McDermid from The Guardian gave the novel a positive review, but criticised the descriptions of the different London settings, which she considered superfluous: 'I suspect that having spent so many books describing a world only she knew has left her with the habit of telling us rather too much about a world most of us know well enough to imagine for ourselves'.^[3] The novel was also nominated for a Gold Dagger Award at the Crime Writers’ Association Daggers 2015.^[4]

In other media[edit]

Television[edit]

On 10 December 2014, it was announced that the novels would be adapted as a television series for BBC One, starting with The Cuckoo's Calling.^[5][6] Rowling will executive produce the series through her production company Brontë Film and Television, along with Neil Blair and Ruth Kenley-Letts. The three event dramas will be based on scripts by Ben Richards who will write The Cuckoo’s Calling, and Tom Edge who will write The Silkworm and Career of Evil. Michael Keillor will direct The Cuckoo’s Calling, Kieron Hawkes will direct The Silkworm and Charles Sturridge will direct Career of Evil. Jackie Larkin will produce. ^[7]

In September 2016, it was announced that Tom Burke was set to play Cormoran Strike, ^[8] and in November 2016 it was announced that Holliday Grainger will star as Strike's assistant, Robin Ellacott. ^[9]

Additional cast of the adaptation include Kerr Logan as Matthew Cunliffe, Monica Dolan as Leonora Quine, Lia Williams as Elizabeth Tassel, Jeremy Swift as Owen Quine, Dorothy Atkinson as Kathryn Kent, Dominic Mafham as Jerry Waldegrave, Tim McInnerny as Daniel Chard, Peter Sullivan as Andrew Fancourt, Sargon Yelda as DI Richard Anstis, Sarah Gordy as Orlando Quine and Natasha O'Keeffe as Charlotte Campbell. ^[10]

The second series of the production, which adapted The Silkworm, featured two episodes. The first episode aired on 10 September 2017, followed by the second on 17 September.

Casio lk 230 driver. Maintaining updated Casio LK-230 software prevents crashes and maximizes hardware and system performance. Using outdated or corrupt Casio LK-230 drivers can cause system errors, crashes, and cause your computer or hardware to fail. Furthermore, installing the wrong Casio drivers can make these problems even worse.

References[edit]

1. ^http://www.news18.com/news/books/robert-galbraiths-novel-the-silkworm-to-be-released-in-june-672390.html
2. ^http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/24/robert-galbraith-career-of-evil-jk-rowling_n_7135338.html
3. ^https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/18/the-silkworm-review-jk-rowling-robert-galbraith
4. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
5. ^'BBC - Robert Galbraith's Cormoran Strike novels to be adapted for major new BBC One drama series - Media Centre'. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
6. ^Nancy Tartaglione. 'JK Rowling's 'Cuckoo's Calling' To Become BBC Drama Series - Deadline'. Deadline. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
7. ^http://www.brontefilmandtv.co.uk/work
8. ^https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37296931
9. ^http://www.brontefilmandtv.co.uk/single-post/2016/11/04/Holliday-Grainger-Joins-Tom-Burke-for-BBC-and-HBOs-Strike-Series
10. ^http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-09-10/meet-the-cast-of-strike-the-silkworm/

Bombyx mori, the domestic silkmoth, is an insect from the mothfamilyBombycidae. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silkmoth. The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silkmoth. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk. A silkworm's preferred food is white mulberry leaves, though they may eat other mulberry species and even Osage orange. Domestic silkmoths are closely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silkmoths are different from their domestic cousins as they have not been selectively bred; they are thus not as commercially viable in the production of silk.

Sericulture, the practice of breeding silkworms for the production of raw silk, has been under way for at least 5,000 years in China,^[1] whence it spread to India, Korea, Japan, and the West. The domestic silkmoth was domesticated from the wild silkmoth Bombyx mandarina, which has a range from northern India to northern China, Korea, Japan, and the far eastern regions of Russia. The domestic silkmoth derives from Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock.^[2][3]

Silkmoths were unlikely to have been domestically bred before the Neolithic Age. Before then, the tools to manufacture quantities of silk thread had not been developed. The domesticated B. mori and the wild B. mandarina can still breed and sometimes produce hybrids.^[4]:342

Domestic silkmoths are very different from most members in the genus Bombyx; not only have they lost the ability to fly, but their color pigments have also been lost.^[5]

• 4Research
• 5Domestication

Types[edit]

Mulberry silkworms can be categorized into three different but connected groups or types. The major groups of silkworms fall under the univoltine ('uni-'=one, 'voltine'=brood frequency) and bivoltine categories. The univoltine type is generally linked with the geographical area within greater Europe. The eggs of this type hibernate during winter due to the cold climate, and cross-fertilize only by spring, generating silk only once annually. The second type is called bivoltine and is normally found in China, Japan, and Korea. The breeding process of this type takes place twice annually, a feat made possible through the slightly warmer climates and the resulting two life cycles. The polyvoltine type of mulberry silkworm can only be found in the tropics. The eggs are laid by female moths and hatch within nine to 12 days, so the resulting type can have up to eight separate life cycles throughout the year.^[6]

Process[edit]

Eggs take about 14 days to hatch into larvae, which eat continuously. They have a preference for white mulberry, having an attraction to the mulberry odorant cis-jasmone. They are not monophagous, since they can eat other species of Morus, as well as some other Moraceae, mostly Osage orange. They are covered with tiny black hairs. When the color of their heads turns darker, it indicates they are about to molt. After molting, the larval phase of the silkworms emerge white, naked, and with little horns on their backs.

After they have molted four times, their bodies become slightly yellow, and the skin becomes tighter. The larvae then prepare to enter the pupal phase of their lifecycle, and enclose themselves in a cocoon made up of raw silk produced by the salivary glands. The final molt from larva to pupa takes place within the cocoon, which provides a vital layer of protection during the vulnerable, almost motionless pupal state. Many other Lepidoptera produce cocoons, but only a few—the Bombycidae, in particular the genus Bombyx, and the Saturniidae, in particular the genus Antheraea—have been exploited for fabric production.

If the animal is allowed to survive after spinning its cocoon and through the pupal phase of its lifecycle, it releases proteolytic enzymes to make a hole in the cocoon so it can emerge as an adult moth. These enzymes are destructive to the silk and can cause the silk fibers to break down from over a mile in length to segments of random length, which seriously reduces the value of the silk threads, but not silk cocoons used as 'stuffing' available in China and elsewhere for doonas, jackets, etc. To prevent this, silkworm cocoons are boiled. The heat kills the silkworms and the water makes the cocoons easier to unravel. Often, the silkworm itself is eaten.

As the process of harvesting the silk from the cocoon kills the larva, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare and rights activists. Mahatma Gandhi was critical of silk production based on the Ahimsa philosophy 'not to hurt any living thing'. This led to Gandhi's promotion of cotton spinning machines, an example of which can be seen at the Gandhi Institute. He also promoted Ahimsa silk, wild silk made from the cocoons of wild and semiwild silkmoths.^[7]

The moth – the adult phase of the lifecycle – is not capable of functional flight, in contrast to the wild B. mandarina and other Bombyx species, whose males fly to meet females and for evasion from predators. Some may emerge with the ability to lift off and stay airborne, but sustained flight cannot be achieved. This is because their bodies are too big and heavy for their small wings. However, some silkmoths can still fly.^[8] Silkmoths have a wingspan of 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) and a white, hairy body. Females are about two to three times bulkier than males (for they are carrying many eggs), but are similarly colored. Adult Bombycidae have reduced mouthparts and do not feed, though a human caretaker can feed them.

Cocoon[edit]

The cocoon is made of a thread of raw silk from 300 to about 900 m (1,000 to 3,000 ft) long. The fibers are very fine and luscious. about 10 μm (0.0004 in) in diameter. About 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are required to make 1 pound of silk (0.4 kg). At least 70 million pounds of raw silk are produced each year, requiring nearly 10 billion cocoons.^[9]

Research[edit]

Due to its small size and ease of culture, the silkworm has become a model organism in the study of lepidopteran and arthropod biology. Fundamental findings on pheromones, hormones, brain structures, and physiology have been made with the silkworm.^{[citation needed]} One example of this was the molecular identification of the first known pheromone, bombykol, which required extracts from 500,000 individuals, due to the very small quantities of pheromone produced by any individual silkworm.^{[citation needed]}

Currently, research is focusing on the genetics of silkworms and the possibility of genetic engineering. Many hundreds of strains are maintained, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described.^[10] Another source suggests 1,000 inbred domesticated strains are kept worldwide.^[11] One useful development for the silk industry is silkworms that can feed on food other than mulberry leaves, including an artificial diet.^[10] Research on the genome also raises the possibility of genetically engineering silkworms to produce proteins, including pharmacological drugs, in the place of silk proteins. Bombyx mori females are also one of the few organisms with homologous chromosomes held together only by the synaptonemal complex (and not crossovers) during meiosis.^[12]

Kraig Biocraft Laboratories^[13]has used research from the Universities of Wyoming and Notre Dame in a collaborative effort to create a silkworm that is genetically altered to produce spider silk. In September 2010, the effort was announced as successful.^[14]

Researchers at Tufts developed scaffolds made of spongy silk that feel and look similar to human tissue. They are implanted during reconstructive surgery to support or restructure damaged ligaments, tendons, and other tissue. They also created implants made of silk and drug compounds which can be implanted under the skin for steady and gradual time release of medications.^[15]

Researchers at the MIT Media Lab experimented with silkworms to see what they would weave when left on surfaces with different curvatures. Microsoft office. They found that on particularly straight webs of lines, the silkworms would connect neighboring lines with silk, weaving directly onto the given shape. Using this knowledge they built a silk pavilion with 6,500 silkworms over a number of days.

Silkworms have been used in antibiotics discovery, as they have several advantageous traits compared to other invertebrate models.^[16] Antibiotics such as lysocin E,^[17] a non-ribosomal peptide synthesized by Lysobacter sp. RH2180-5^[18] and GPI0363^[19] are among the notable antibiotics discovered using silkworms.

On the Moon[edit]

As of January 2, 2019, China's Chang'e-4 lander took silkworms to the Moon.^[20] A small microcosm 'tin' in the lander contained A. thaliana, seeds of potatoes, as well as silkmoth eggs. As plants would support the silkworms with oxygen, and the silkworms would in turn provide the plants with necessary carbon dioxide and nutrients through their waste,^[21] researchers will evaluate whether plants successfully perform photosynthesis and grow and bloom in the lunar environment.^[20]

Domestication[edit]

The domestic species, compared to the wild species, has increased cocoon size, body size, growth rate, and efficiency of its digestion. It has gained tolerance to human presence and handling, and also to living in crowded conditions. The male domestic silkmoth cannot fly, so it needs human assistance in finding a mate, and it lacks fear of potential predators. The native color pigments have also been lost, so the domestic silkmoths are leucistic, since camouflage is not useful when they only live in captivity. These changes have made the domesticated strains entirely dependent upon humans for survival.^[22] The eggs are kept in incubators to aid in their hatching.

Silkworm breeding[edit]

Silkworms were first domesticated in China over 5,000 years ago.^[23][24] Since then, the silk production capacity of the species has increased nearly tenfold. The silkworm is one of the few organisms wherein the principles of genetics and breeding were applied to harvest maximum output^{[citation needed]}. It is second only to maize in exploiting the principles of heterosis and crossbreeding.^{[citation needed]}

Silkworm breeding is aimed at the overall improvement of silkworms from a commercial point of view. The major objectives are improving fecundity (the egg-laying capacity of a breed), the health of larvae, quantity of cocoon and silk production, and disease resistance. Healthy larvae lead to a healthy cocoon crop. Health is dependent on factors such as better pupation rate, fewer dead larvae in the mountage,^[25] shorter larval duration (this lessens the chance of infection) and bluish-tinged fifth-instar larvae (which are healthier than the reddish-brown ones). Quantity of cocoon and silk produced are directly related to the pupation rate and larval weight. Healthier larvae have greater pupation rates and cocoon weights. Quality of cocoon and silk depends on a number of factors, including genetics.

Hobby raising and school projects[edit]

In the U.S., teachers may sometimes introduce the insect life cycle to their students by raising domestic silkmoths in the classroom as a science project. Students have a chance to observe complete life cycles of insects from eggs to larvae to pupae to moths.

The domestic silkmoth has been raised as a hobby in countries such as China, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Iran. Children often pass on the eggs, creating a non-commercial population. The experience provides children with the opportunity to witness the life cycle of silkmoths. The practice of raising silkmoths by children as pets has, in non-silk farming South Africa, led to the development of extremely hardy landraces of silkmoths, because they are invariably subjected to hardships not encountered by commercially farmed members of the species.^[26] However, these worms, not being selectively bred as such, are possibly inferior in silk production and may exhibit other undesirable traits.

Genome[edit]

The full genome of the domestic silkmoth was published in 2008 by the International Silkworm Genome Consortium.^[11] Draft sequences were published in 2004.^[27][28]

The genome of the domestic silkmoth is mid-range with a genome size around 432 megabase pairs.

High genetic variability has been found in domestic lines of silkmoths, though this is less than that among wild silkmoths (about 83 percent of wild genetic variation). This suggests a single event of domestication, and that it happened over a short period of time, with a large number of wild silkworms having been collected for domestication.^[29] Major questions, however, remain unanswered: 'Whether this event was in a single location or in a short period of time in several locations cannot be deciphered from the data'. Research also has yet to identify the area in China where domestication arose.^[30]

Cuisine[edit]

Silkmoth pupae are eaten in some cultures.

• In Assam, they are boiled for extracting silk and the boiled pupae are eaten directly with salt or fried with chili pepper or herbs as a snack or dish.^[31]
• In Korea, they are boiled and seasoned to make a popular snack food known as beondegi (번데기).
• In China, street vendors sell roasted silkmoth pupae.
• In Japan, silkworms are usually served as a tsukudani (佃煮), i.e., boiled in a sweet-sour sauce made with soy sauce and sugar.
• In Vietnam, this is known as con nhộng.
• In Thailand, roasted silkworm is often sold at open markets. They are also sold as packaged snacks.
• Silkworms have also been proposed for cultivation by astronauts as space food on long-term missions.^[32]

The Silkworm Pdf Free

Silkworm legends[edit]

In China, a legend indicates the discovery of the silkworm's silk was by an ancient empress named Leizu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, also known as Xi Lingshi. She was drinking tea under a tree when a silk cocoon fell into her tea. As she picked it out and started to wrap the silk thread around her finger, she slowly felt a warm sensation. When the silk ran out, she saw a small larva. In an instant, she realized this caterpillar larva was the source of the silk. She taught this to the people and it became widespread. Many more legends about the silkworm are told.

The Chinese guarded their knowledge of silk, but, according to one story, a Chinese princess given in marriage to a Khotan prince brought to the oasis the secret of silk manufacture, 'hiding silkworms in her hair as part of her dowry', probably in the first half of the first century AD.^[33]About AD 550, Christian monks are said to have smuggled silkworms, in a hollow stick, out of China and sold the secret to the Byzantine Empire.

Silkworm diseases[edit]

• Beauveria bassiana, a fungus, destroys the entire silkworm body. This fungus usually appears when silkworms are raised under cold conditions with high humidity. This disease is not passed on to the eggs from moths, as the infected silkworms cannot survive to the moth stage. This fungus, however, can spread to other insects.
• Grasserie, also known as nuclear polyhedrosis, milky disease, or hanging disease, is caused by infection with the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. If grasserie is observed in the chawkie stage, then the chawkie larvae must have been infected while hatching or during chawkie rearing. Infected eggs can be disinfected by cleaning their surfaces prior to hatching. Infections can occur as a result of improper hygiene in the chawkie rearing house. This disease develops faster in early instar rearing.
• Pébrine is a disease caused by a parasitic microsporidian, Nosema bombycis. Diseased larvae show slow growth, undersized, pale and flaccid bodies, and poor appetite. Tiny black spots appear on larval integument. Additionally, dead larvae remain rubbery and do not undergo putrefaction after death. N. bombycis kills 100% of silkworms hatched from infected eggs. This disease can be carried over from worms to moths, then to eggs and worms again. This microsporidium comes from the food that the silkworms eat. Female moths pass the disease to the eggs, and 100% of silkworms hatching from the diseased eggs will die in their worm stage. To prevent this disease, it is extremely important to rule out all eggs from infected moths by checking the moth's body fluid under a microscope.
• Flacherie infected silkworms look weak and are colored dark brown before they die. The disease destroys the larva's gut and is caused by viruses or poisonous food.
• Several diseases caused by a variety of funguses are collectively named Muscardine.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^E. J. W. Barber (1992). Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton University Press. p. 31. ISBN978-0-691-00224-8.
2. ^K. P. Arunkumar; Muralidhar Metta; J. Nagaraju (2006). 'Molecular phylogeny of silkmoths reveals the origin of domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori from Chinese Bombyx mandarina and paternal inheritance of Antheraea proylei mitochondrial DNA'(PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 419–427. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.023. PMID16644243.
3. ^Hideaki Maekawa; Naoko Takada; Kenichi Mikitani; Teru Ogura; Naoko Miyajima; Haruhiko Fujiwara; Masahiko Kobayashi; Osamu Ninaki (1988). 'Nucleolus organizers in the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina and the domesticated silkworm B. mori'(PDF). Chromosoma. 96 (4): 263–269. doi:10.1007/BF00286912.
4. ^Brian K. Hall (2010). Evolution: Principles and Processes. Topics in Biology. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 400. ISBN978-0-7637-6039-7.
5. ^https://phys.org/news/2013-11-captive-thousands-years-impaired-olfactory.html
6. ^Trevisan, Adrian. 'Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture'. Sense of Nature. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012.
7. ^'Mahatma Gandhi: 100 years', 1968, p. 349
8. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjK6k70xNA8
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10. ^ ^abGoldsmith, Marian R.; Shimada, Toru; Abe, Hiroaki (2005). 'The genetics and genomics of the silkworm, Bombyx mori'. Annual Review of Entomology. 50 (1): 71–100. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130456. PMID15355234.
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Further reading[edit]

• Kelly, Henrietta Aiken (1903). The culture of the mulberry silkworm. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
• Grimaldi, David A.; Engel, Michael S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-82149-0.
• Johnson, Sylvia (1989). Silkworms. Lerner Publications. ISBN978-0-8225-9557-1.
• Scoble, M. J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-19-854952-9.
• Yoshitake, N. (1968). 'Phylogenetic aspects on the origin of Japanese race of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.'. Journal of Sericological Sciences of Japan. 37: 83–87.
• Trevisan, Adrian. 'Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture'. Sense of Nature. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012.
• Wolchover, Natalie. 'The Silk Renaissance'. Seed Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2012.

External links[edit]

Silkworm Pdf

• Life Cycle Of A Silkworm 1943 article with first photographic study of subject

The Silkworm Pdf Robert Galbraith